【一分抗日，两分应付，七分发展】---1949美国Time杂志

外行人

美国Time当年是这样翻译的：
Very clearly, Mao spelled out Communist strategy:
"The war between China and Japan is an excellent lent opportunity
for the development of our party.
Our determined policy is 70% self development,
20% compromise, and 10% fight the Japanese . . ."

全文：
1
From: Time, February 7, 1949
MAO ZEDONG: MAN OF FEELING
Thirty-seven years ago, in the Hunan Provincial Library at Changsha, a 19-yearold
farm lad for the first time in his narrow life looked at a map of the world. He studied
it, as he later recalled, with great interest. Last week, the farm lad was redrawing that map
with an iron pen dipped in blood. Mao Tse-tung was adding China to the domain of
world Communism.
For the West, the event was a major disaster, still incalculable in its consequences.
For Communism, it was the greatest victory since the Russian Revolution. For most of
the Chinese people, it meant peace-but only in the sense that large-scale fighting would
stop. It also meant the kind of war which the Chinese have often known-the silent,
constant war which tyrannic governments wage upon their people.
For Mao Tse-tung, the peasant lad, the event meant great face. He was about to be
master over the vast land which had bred him, over the cities and libraries, over half a
billion tough, tired people, who listened last week as the Communist faithful sang Mao's
glory:
Chairman Mao can be compared to the sun in the cast, Which shines over the
world so brightly, so brightly. Heigh-ai-yo, heigh-heigh-heigh-yo. Without Chairman
Mao, how can there be peace! Heigh-ai-yo.
Of Rice & Faith. Mao Tse-tung was born (1893) in Shao Shan, Hunan Province,
where for years his world was the rice paddy, the village school, and his father's cane.
Old Mao was a farmer, prosperous enough to hire a laborer. Unlike many another farm
lad who later followed him, and died for the rice and the faith he offered, young Mao
never knew hunger. Nor did he know abundance. Once every month, old Mao would give
his farmhand eggs with his rice, but no meat. Recalls Mao: "To me, he gave neither eggs
nor meat."
As a boy, Mao Tse-tung learned about tyranny. Old Mao was the Ruling Power in
the family. Young Mao, his brother, mother and the hired hand were the masses. Says
Mao: "My mother, a kind and-generous woman, criticized my attempts at open rebellion
against the Ruling Power. She said it was not the Chinese way." Mao soon discarded his
mother's simple gradualism. When his father bawled him out, he quoted a passage from
Confucius, to the effect that the old should be kind and affectionate. Says Mao with sly
humor: "The dialectical struggle in our family was constantly developing."
One evening, when Mao was 13, his father, in front of a group of guests,
denounced him as lay and useless. This meant a terrible loss of face for young Mao; He
ran-out of the house, his father in hot pursuit. Young Mao reached the edge of a pond and
threatened to jump in if his father came any nearer. "Demands and counter-demands were
presented for cessation of the civil war," Mao recalled. "My father insisted that I
apologize and kowtow . . . I agreed to give a one-knee kowtow if he would promise not to
beat me. Thus the war ended, and from it I learned that when I defended my rights by
open rebellion, my father relented, but when I remained meek and submissive, he only
cursed and beat me the more."
Young Mao remembered the lesson, and modified it. In his long march to power,
he knew how to appear meek when the occasion demanded. But he himself was never
2
moved by meekness. China's new master is no man to settle-permanently- for a one-knee
kowtow from an opponent.
To Grasp the Future. Mao began to develop a social conscience. Once there was
a famine in the Shao Shan district and the poor, asking help from the rich farmers, started
a movement called "Eat Rice Without Charge." This seemed reasonable to Mao; but not
to his father who, like other farmers, kept selling rice to cities despite the local famine.
Young Mao read pamphlets about the Western powers -that were dismembering China.
He read books that proclaimed China's need to modernize herself. He began to cut classes
and teach himself from books. The principal reprimanded him and Mao said: "Though it
will interfere with my own "study program, I will attend classes on one condition: If I ask
a question a teacher cannot answer, will you fire him?" The principal pressed Mao no
further.
Mao's father wanted to apprentice him to a rice merchant, but Mao again rebelled.
He went to study in Changsha, where he hoped to find answers to many questions.
The old order in the China of Mao's youth was crumbling under the influence of
Western civilization, like a broken mummy suddenly exposed to the harsh air. China tried
to reproduce 500 years of Western evolution in a few decades. Twentieth Century China
was to have bombers before it had a good red system, radios before it had more than a
few telephones. Chinese shouted Communist slogans before they could read. Galileo and
Einstein, Jefferson and Karl Mars came to China an at once. The nation's youth
desperately wanted to grasp the future. What the future was, they did not know.
The Idealist. Mao wanted knowledge. He read advertisements of newly opened
schools. In turn he enrolled in a police school, a soapmaking school a law school, a
commercial school, an economics school. He finally wound up in the Hunan Normal
School where he hoped to be trained as a teacher. He read translations of Adam Smith,
Darwin, Rousseau, Spencer. Says Mao: "I was then an idealist."
Feeling the need to share his new knowledge with others, he inserted
advertisements in newspapers inviting correspondence with fellow idealists. Four
answered. Three of them later turned out to be "reactionaries" The fourth a skinny youth
called Li Li-san ("who listened to everything I had to say and then went away") was soon
to become Mao's rival for the leadership of Chinese Communism.
At that time (1910), China's revolution against the tottering Manchu dynasty was
in progress. Swept along by the torrent, Mao clipped off his queue as an anti- monarchist
demonstration. Other students promised to follow his example, but later reneged. This
prepared Mao for party discipline-or what Lenin called "democratic centralism." Recalls
Mao: "A friend of mine and I therefore assaulted them in secret and forcibly removed
their queues a total of more than ten falling victim to our shears."
The Marxist. The Russian Revolution (1917) shook China with fear and hope. It
gave Mao the simple answers he was looking for. Excitedly, he traveled between
Changsha, Peking and Shanghai, doing odd jobs and organizing workers and students. In
Peking he worked as a librarian and for the first time he sensed himself a proletarian. "I
3
stayed in . . . a little room which held seven other people," he said. "I used to have to
warn people on each side of me when I wanted to turn over. . ." He read the Communist
Manifesto.
In Shanghai, in 1921, he attended the foundation meeting of China's Communist
Party. Although he was impatient with friends who talked about girls or other nonrevolutionary
matters, he fell in love. According to old custom, his parents had married
him to a village aid when he was 14. He discarded the aid back home, with whom he had
never lived, and married Yang K'ai-hui, a professor's daughter and an active Communist.
Friends celebrated their marriage as an ''ideal romance." She bore him two sons, both of
whom were educated in Moscow. Yang was executed by Hunan's anti-Communist
Governor Ho Chien in 1930.
When the Chinese Communist Party allied itself with Dr. Sun Yat-sen's
nationalist revolutionary movement, Mao worked in the combined executive committees
of the Communist Party and the Kuomintang. In this capacity he met a young
Kuomintang leader who, like himself, was a country boy with the urge to take a hand in
China's destiny. He was Chiang Kai-shek.
The Half-Trotskyite. The Communist Kuomintang alliance did not last long.
Chiang was one of the first to realize that cooperation with the Communists is possible
only by surrendering to them. Chiang preferred not to surrender. By 1927, the Chinese
Communists were once more on their own In his native Hunan, Mao tirelessly tried to
organize the peasants. But Li Li-san, Mao's noncommittal correspondent, was chosen by
Moscow to head the Chinese party. In orthodox Marxist fashion, Li Li-san based his
hopes on the urban proletariat; he considered China's peasant millions too backward to
grasp the new revolutionary science.
Li's city rebellions failed bloodily. Moscow deposed Li as a "half-Trotskyite" and
ordered him to Russia for corrective education. "Li Li-sanism" was declared incorrect by
Moscow. Mao Tse-tung meanwhile formulated a simple but fateful strategy: in an
industrially backward country whose whole life depended on the peasant", the
Communists must win the peasants first, and give them arms.
When Mao succeeded Li as head of the Chinese Communist Party, he retreated
with Communism's badly beaten bands to Kiangsi, in South China, where he managed to
establish a Chinese Soviet. For three years, his headquarters were on Chingkan Shan, a
nearly impregnable mountain stronghold which had been shared, uneasily, by bandits and
Buddhist monks. Mao chased away the monks, welcomed most of the bandits into the
party, and settled down to organizing the nucleus of the army which was to conquer
China.
Down with Squash. In this task, Mao was joined by Chu Teh, now the second
biggest star of Chinese Communism. A Yunnan officer and police commissioner, Chu
Teh lived in a palatial home, smoked opium and kept several concubines. In 1922, to the
indignation of all his friends, he sent his harem packing, broke himself of the opium
habit. He went to Europe, studied in Moscow at the Eastern Toilers' Institute. In 1931, he
was made commander in chief of the Chinese Red army, while Mao became political
4
commissar. Chinese peasant legends, gleefully fostered by Communists, attribute
superhuman powers to Chu-he could fly, he could see IOO li (33 miles) in all directions;
he could stir dustclouds or winds against an enemy.
Mao looked after party discipline. In one year, he executed 4,300 politically
unreliable comrades. Meanwhile, conditions on Chingkan Shan were becoming
uncomfortable. Food was scarce and the Red army was forced for months to live on
squash. The soldiers adopted a slogan: "Down with capitalism and squash-eating" Chiang
Kai-shek, by then China's dominant figure, sent his armies against the southern Soviet
"republics" and all but finished them in a series of "extermination campaigns." Once,
when Mao went to the front to assume personal command, he exclaimed: "Aiya, how
daring these bullets are! Don't they know that Chairman Mao is here?"
At this point the Japanese "intervention" in China drew Chiang's any's energies
elsewhere. Mao and Chu, leading a Red armu of 80,000 men, were able to break through
the Nationalist encirclement and flee to the northwest. Thus began what the Chinese
Communists consider their great epic-the Long March
March with Mr. Soviet. The Reds marched 6,000 miles. They passed through
twelve provinces, crossed 18 mountain ranges, and 24 rivers. Intermittently they fought
with Nationalists, but they got away each time, with heavy losses. The marchers bad
started out with a huge train of supplies, but they had to abandon most of it on the way. It
is said that Mao Tsetung, then married to his third wife (Ho Tse-chun, a schoolteacher),
abandoned their five children on the way, leaving them in the care of peasants.
The marchers lived off the land, though the Communists never mentioned
plunder, spoke only of "confiscation committees." Provincial populations fled in terror
before "Mr. Soviet," as the Red army became known. The Reds' first great obstacle was
the Yangtze, where Chiang hoped to stop them. A Red detachment in captured
Nationalist uniforms managed to take a samll river port which permitted the whole army
to cross. But the most famous incident on the Long March was the crossing of the Tatu
River, where a detachment of Communists swung across hand over hand on the bare iron
chains of a half-destroyed suspension bridge, straight into Nationalist machine-gun fire.
Mao Tse-tung made the entire march on foot, except for a few weeks when he
was ailing. After a year, the marchers arrived in bleak Shensi. Of the 80,000 who
hadstarted out, only 20,000 reached their promised, unpromising land. Mao Tse-tung
moved into a convenient cave in the cave city of Yenan, just below the Great Wall, and
proceeded to build his beaten Communist remnants into a new Soviet state.
10% War. The year the Communists got to Shensi (I935), the world Comintern
line swung to the "united front" policy which advocated solidarity among-all anti-fascist
forces. Moscow instructed Yenan to seek a united front with Chiang Kai-shek against the
Japanese.
In 1937, the Communists undertook formally to abolish the Soviet system, and to
merge the Red army with Chiang's forces. To the rank & file, Communist leaders
explained carefully that these were "temporary" measures to give the Communist forces a
5
chance to recover from their "battle fatigue." Very clearly, Mao spelled out Communist
strategy: "The war between China and Japan is an excellent lent opportunity for the
development of our party. Our determined policy is 70% selfdevelopment, 20%
compromise, and 10% fight the Japanese . . ."
The Reds carried out these instructions to the letter. When the Japanese were
defeated by the Allies in 1945, the Communists scrambled to "accept" their surrender.
They took over vast areas formerly held by the Japanese, seized huge amounts of
Japanese arms.
At the same time, the Russians marched into Manchuria in their one-week war
against Japan and for months prevented the Nationalist troops from entering the northern
provinces. Li Li-san returned with the Red army from his Moscow exile and was
established in Manchuria. He had successfully purged himself of Trotskyism, had
married a Russian girl, and was said to be in high favor with Stalin.
At the end of their Long March, the Communists had been a battered band,
barely controlling three small barren provinces. At the end of World War II, a
Communist army of 1,000,000 men controlled some of China's richest lands--and 50
million people.
Idylls of a Comrade. In 1946, the U.S. began its is-fated attempt to mediate
between Chiang and the Reds, giving the Communists further time to strengthen their
position. Special U.S. Envoy Patrick Hurley personally brought the reluctant Mao to
Chungking. Before the plane took off at Yenan airfield, he nervously kissed his small
daughter goodbye as though he were being taken to the executioner.
After six weeks, Mao flew hurriedly back to Yenan. Communist bigwig Chou Enlai,
in charge of Yenan's public relations, remained in the big city as liaison officer until
negotiations broke down. Chou is the smoothest, most urbane of the Communist leaders;
in school he was famous for his female impersonations in theatricals, his most brilliant
role being that of a sexy peasant wench in a play called One Dollar.
In Yenan, Mao Tse-tung enjoyed a starkly idyllic existence. In 1939 he had
married his fourth wife, a pretty Chinese movie starlet. The Maos lived simply, in an
adobe hut during the summer and during the winter in caves, which they kept changing
regularly for fear of assassins. For many years, Mao's official vehicle was an ambulance
donated by the American Chinese Hand Laundry Association. In the early mornings, U.S.
visitors driving past Mao's residence would see him and General Chu Teh, like any
Chinese peasants in the road with baskets and small shovels picking up animal droppings
to fertilize the fields. Said Mao in a lecture to Communist writers: "Once I felt that only
the intellectuals were clean, and that workers, soldiers and peasants were dirty . . . [Now I
feel that] although the hands of workers and peasants may be black with dirt and their
feet smeared with cow dung, they are still cleaner than the bourgeois and petty
bourgeois."
U.S. visitors to Yenan described Mao as a heavy-set man (5 ft. 8 in., 200 lbs.)
with the humor, the strength and often the manner of a Chinese peasant. He frequently sat
6
with his feet propped on the table, and in warm weather he unceremoniously stripped to
the waist. Once, in Yenan in the presence of General Lin Piao, president of the Red
Academy, he took off his trousers for comfort while studying a military map. He smokes
incessantly and tends his own tobacco patch. In 1938, the Party Central Committee gave
him a $5 monthly raise so he could buy more cigarettes. Between noisy puffs, he chews
melon seeds or peanuts. Until recently, when his doctors made him slow up, he used to
wash down his heavy meals with kaoliang (grain liquor). Since then Mao has become
something of a hypochondriac.
Mao was usually affable toward U.S. visitors. One U.S. authoress Agnes
Smedley-reported this impression: "The tall forbidding figure lumbered toward us and a
high-pitched voice greeted us. Then two hands grasped mine; they were as long and
sensitive as a woman's ... Whatever else be might be, he was an esthete . . . He asked a
thousand questions . . . We spoke of India; of literature; once he asked me if I had ever
loved any man, and why, and what love meant to me . . ."
Exit into Sunset. Yenan's most remarkable form of entertainment was the "living
newspaper" in which amateur mimes enacted' current events. Sample: General
Eisenhower invading Normandy atop a human landing barge. Sugar-coated propaganda
also pervaded the Saturday night dances regularly held in a Yenan apple orchard at which
Mao appeared in simple peasant dress to dance with his wife, Mme. Chu Teh, Mme.
Chou En-lai, or pretty Communist office girls. For these occasions, the Communists
revived (and revised) an old, gay Chinese dance form called the Yang-ko. Sample: a
shepherd is asleep by his flock. A girl in flowing robes enters, dances around him, and
wanes him by provocatively brushing the hem of her gown over his face. In the old
version, a flirtation then began. In the Red version, she says sweetly: "How can you sleep
while foreign imperialists are sucking the blood of your people?" The shepherd rises,
flexes his muscles, recognizes his duty, and exits with the girl into the sunset.
When the Nationalists captured Yenan in 1947, Mao was driven to wander again.
He left the capital on the last day before Chiang's men came, withdrew to a small village
where he set up headquarters in a straw tent. Once a Nationalist detachment came within
ten miles and his staff urged him to leave. "What's the hurry?" asked Mao. "Wait until the
firing starts."
For over a year he shifted from town to town, usually in the rugged, desolate
mountain country around Hsingsien. By last fall, he was in Shichiachuang, the Reds'
administrative center on the western edge of the rich North China plain. Then, following
the Red army's advance, he returned home to his Yenan cave. His popularity among his
followers was greater than ever. Everywhere Mao went, his words were noted down by
breathless disciples. Some observers feel that Mao is getting too popular-and too
powerful -for his own good.
Last summer, in Harbin, Asian Communist delegates met to receive certain
instructions from Moscow. One of the speakers was Li Li-san, Mao's old rival, and now
presumed to be Red boss of Manchuria. Said Li ominously: "Some of our comrades in
Asia have been in error . . . We must avoid at all costs the spread of nationalistic
Communism in Asia We cannot tolerate a Tito in Asia"
7
There is a chance that Mao may turn Tito, especially if Russia should use
Manchurian industry for her own, rather than for China's recovery. But so far, Mao has
slavishly squeezed himself through every needle eye of Moscow policy.
The New Democracy. What kind of master will Mao be to China? For years, the
Communists (aided by many U.S. correspondents) have faithfully fostered the story that
Mao and his Chinese are just "agrarian reformers." The story went around Washington
that, during a Moscow conference, Molotov once cracked to an American: "The Chinese
Communists are not Communists They are oleomargarine. They are imitation
Communists.”
Mao is no margarine Communist. In a pamphlet entitled "The New Democracy"
(1940), Mao carefully explained how he intends to rule China. The pamphlet is a clear
statement of the "soft" line which the Reds use in a "given historic phase," i.e., until they
are strong enough to use brass knuckles. China, says Mao, is still largely a "feudal"
country. Before it can have its Communist revolution against the bourgeoisie, the
bourgeoisie must first have its revolution against "feudalism." These two separate steps
(which occurred centuries apart in Europe) can, in China, be blended into a continuous
process. But the first step is not democracy in the Western sense: "The coming
democratic republic of China should he nothing other than a democratic republic of the
dictatorship of all anti-imperialist, anti-feudal sections."
Because China needs industrial developing, Mao is ready to collaborate with
small and medium capitalists.' But bourgeois "diehards" are out. ("Goodness, do we not
know what they would do with the destiny of our nation?. . .")) Land mustbe "equalized'"
and capital "controlled." Warns Mao: "Whoever dares to turn in the opposite direction
will ... get his head broken against the wall . . . The sun of the new China appears on the
horizon, we clap our hands and hail it. Raise your fists, new China will be our!"
Plain Chinese, who have fled Communist areas by the millions, have observed the
"new democracy" at work in every visage the Communists have taken. The Chinese say
that the Reds have a "three head policy." The first stage is the "nod head," when they are
polite to the people and want to make friends. The second stage is the "shake head," when
they begin to refuse the people's requests The third stage comes when they are in full
control; it is called the "chop head."
The Charming Earth. Mao Tse-tung will have to chop off many a Chinese head
in trying to rule China, probablythe biggest task ever taken on by Communism. As he has
put it, "A revolution is no invitation to a banquet ."
The Chinese people hve borne, driven off or absorbed, many a conqueror-the
Hun's and Mongols, the Tartars and Manchus. But the conqueror who, in the name of a
grandiose world conspiracy, prepared to take over China last week could rival all of
these. Mao Tse-tung knew that. Once, while flying over a civil war battlefield on which
his men fought blindly for what they thought was the end of misery, Mao had written a
poem. Excerpt:
8
In clear weather The earth is so charming Like a red-faced girl clothed in white.
Such is the charm of these rivers and mountains Calling innumerable heroes to vie with
each other in pursuing her. The emperors Shih Huang and Wu Ti were barely cultured,
The emperors Tai Tsung and Tai Tsu were lacking in feeling, Genghis Khan knew only
how to bend his bow at the eagles, These all belong to the past--only to- day ore there
men of feeling.
Mao was a man of feeling, all right, but as tough and tyrannical as any emperor
who had preceded him in the rule of his great and long-suffering land.